Coronary artery bypass surgery in Brazil: analysis of the national reality through the bypass registry

Abstract Introduction: Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) is the most frequently performed heart surgery in Brazil. Recent international guidelines recommend that national societies establish a database on the practice and results of CABG. In anticipation of the recommendation, the BYPASS Registry was introduced in 2015. Objective: To analyze the profile, risk factors and outcomes of patients undergoing CABG in Brazil, as well as to examine the predominant surgical strategy, based on the data included in the BYPASS Registry. Methods: A cross-sectional study of 2292 patients undergoing CABG surgery and cataloged in the BYPASS Registry up to November 2018. Demographic data, clinical presentation, operative variables, and postoperative hospital outcomes were analyzed. Results: Patients referred to CABG in Brazil are predominantly male (71%), with prior myocardial infarction in 41.1% of cases, diabetes in 42.5%, and ejection fraction lower than 40% in 9.7%. The Heart Team indicated surgery in 32.9% of the cases. Most of the patients underwent cardiopulmonary bypass (87%), and cardioplegia was the strategy of myocardial protection chosen in 95.2% of the cases. The left internal thoracic artery was used as a graft in 91% of the cases; the right internal thoracic artery, in 5.6%; and the radial artery in 1.1%. The saphenous vein graft was used in 84.1% of the patients, being the only graft employed in 7.7% of the patients. The median number of coronary vessels treated was 3. Operative mortality was 2.8%, and the incidence of cerebrovascular accident was 1.2%. Conclusion: CABG data in Brazil provided by the BYPASS Registry analysis are representative of our national reality and practice. This database constitutes an important reference for indications and comparisons of therapeutic procedures, as well as to propose subsequent models to improve patient safety and the quality of surgical practice in the country.

Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery in Brazil: Analysis of the National Reality Through the BYPASS Registry.

INTRODUCTION: Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) is the most frequently performed heart surgery in Brazil. Recent international guidelines recommend that national societies establish a database on the practice and results of CABG. In anticipation of the recommendation, the BYPASS Registry was introduced in 2015. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the profile, risk factors and outcomes of patients undergoing CABG in Brazil, as well as to examine the predominant surgical strategy, based on the data included in the BYPASS Registry. METHODS: A cross-sectional study of 2292 patients undergoing CABG surgery and cataloged in the BYPASS Registry up to November 2018. Demographic data, clinical presentation, operative variables, and postoperative hospital outcomes were analyzed. RESULTS: Patients referred to CABG in Brazil are predominantly male (71%), with prior myocardial infarction in 41.1% of cases, diabetes in 42.5%, and ejection fraction lower than 40% in 9.7%. The Heart Team indicated surgery in 32.9% of the cases. Most of the patients underwent cardiopulmonary bypass (87%), and cardioplegia was the strategy of myocardial protection chosen in 95.2% of the cases. The left internal thoracic artery was used as a graft in 91% of the cases; the right internal thoracic artery, in 5.6%; and the radial artery in 1.1%. The saphenous vein graft was used in 84.1% of the patients, being the only graft employed in 7.7% of the patients. The median number of coronary vessels treated was 3. Operative mortality was 2.8%, and the incidence of cerebrovascular accident was 1.2%. CONCLUSION: CABG data in Brazil provided by the BYPASS Registry analysis are representative of our national reality and practice. This database constitutes an important reference for indications and comparisons of therapeutic procedures, as well as to propose subsequent models to improve patient safety and the quality of surgical practice in the country.

Moderate-to-high intensity inspiratory muscle training improves the effects of combined training on exercise capacity in patients after coronary artery bypass graft surgery: A randomized clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: The effects of adding moderate-to-high intensity inspiratory muscle training (IMT) to short-term aerobic and resistance exercise (combined training [CT]), after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) are not established. This study aimed to determine the effects of moderate-to-high intensity IMT + CT on exercise capacity, respiratory muscle strength, inspiratory muscle endurance, quality of life (QoL), and laboratory biomarkers in patients after CABG who were participants of a phase II cardiac rehabilitation program. METHODS: Twenty-four patients were randomly assigned to either the IMT + CT group (n = 12), who performed moderate-to-high intensity IMT with CT or the sham-IMT + CT group (n = 12). Patients completed two sessions per week for 12 weeks. Each patient underwent a cardiopulmonary exercise test, six-minute walk test (6MWT), respiratory muscle strength and endurance evaluation, QoL questionnaire, and serum advanced oxidation protein products, ferric reducing antioxidant power [FRAP], nitrate/nitrate, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, before and after the 12-week intervention. RESULTS: The IMT + CT group showed significantly greater improvements in peak oxygen uptake (1.3 mL∙kg-1∙min-1; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.5 to 2.2), distance covered during the 6MWT (78.8 m; 95% CI, 28.1 to 129.5), maximal inspiratory pressure (23.0 cmH2O; 95% CI, 9.3 to 36.7), QoL (-15.1 points; 95% CI, -26.9 to -3.3), and FRAP (83.7 µmol/L; 95% CI, 20.2 to 147.1) compared to the sham-IMT + CT group as a result of the intervention. CONCLUSIONS: Short-term moderate-to-high intensity IMT with CT provided additional benefits in exercise capacity, inspiratory muscle strength, QoL, and antioxidant profile in patients after CABG. Trial Registration clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT02885077.

Relação entre classe funcional e fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo em pacientes com doença coronariana candidatos à reabilitação cardíaca / Relationship between functional class and left ventricular ejection fraction in patients with coronary heart disease who were candidates for cardiac rehabilitation

OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a potencial relação entre classe funcional segundo a New York Heart Association e a fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo em pacientes com doença coronariana candidatos à reabilitação cardíaca. MÉTODOS: Foi realizado um estudo transversal retrospectivo, por meio da análise de prontuários de pacientes com doença coronariana candidatos ao Programa de Reabilitação Cardíaca do Hospital Universitário de Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul. Foram incluídos pacientes de ambos os sexos, com idade entre 50 e 65 anos, sendo excluídos aqueles com insuficiência renal crônica, anemia, ecocardiograma com baixa qualidade de imagem, pacientes com ritmo não sinusal e indivíduos cujos prontuários não apresentavam informações suficientes. A coleta dos dados ocorreu no período de agosto de 2015 a março de 2016, tendo sido extraídas dos prontuários as informações que compuseram as variáveis de interesse, tais como: dados clínicos e demográficos (sexo, idade, comorbidades, diagnóstico clínico, tratamento cirúrgico e medicamentoso), valores da fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo coletados através de ecocardiografia (Doppler convencional e Doppler tecidual) e a classe funcional a partir do teste ergométrico. A análise estatística foi realizada mediante a aplicação do teste de Kruskal-Wallis seguido do post hoc de Dunn. O nível de significância estatística adotado foi de p<0,05. RESULTADOS: Foram avaliados consecutivamente 131 prontuários, sendo que 102 preencheram os critérios de inclusão. A média de idade da amostra foi de 59,23±7,95 anos e 70 (68,63%) pacientes eram do sexo masculino. Ocorreu predomínio da classe funcional I. Observouse relação inversa entre classe funcional e fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo: quanto mais avançada a classe funcional, maior foi o comprometimento do desempenho cardíaco (p=0,036). CONCLUSÕES: Nesta amostra de pacientes com doença coronariana, ingressantes em um programa de reabilitação cardíaca, houve relação inversa entre fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo e progressão da classe funcional. Este achado fornece informações sobre as limitações impostas pela doença na capacidade de exercício e na função cardíaca do paciente e pode auxiliar na elaboração de um programa de treinamento físico.

AIMS: To assess the potential relation between the New York Heart Association functional class and left ventricular ejection fraction in coronary heart disease patients who were candidates for cardiac rehabilitation. METHODS: This is a retrospective cross-sectional study based on the analysis of medical records of coronary heart disease patients who were candidates for the Cardiac Rehabilitation Program of Hospital Universitário de Santa Maria, state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Both male and female patients aged 50 to 65 were included, whereas patients with chronic renal failure, anemia, poor echocardiographic image quality, nonsinus rhythm, and also those individuals whose medical records lacked sufficient information were excluded. Data were collected from August 2015 to March 2016, and the information that made up the variables of interest was extracted from the medical records, such as: clinical and demographic data (sex, age, comorbidities, clinical diagnosis, surgical and drug treatment), left ventricular ejection fraction values obtained by echocardiography (conventional and tissue Doppler echocardiography), and functional class from the ergometric test. Statistical analysis was performed using Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Dunn's post-hoc test. The significance level was set at p<0.05. RESULTS: A total of 131 medical records were consecutively evaluated, of which 102 met the inclusion criteria. Mean age was 59.23±7.95 years and 70 (68.63%) patients were male, with a predominance of functional class I. There was an inverse relation between functional class and ejection fraction: the more advanced the functional class, the more compromised the cardiac performance (p=0.036). CONCLUSIONS: In this sample of patients with coronary heart disease who were candidates for cardiac rehabilitation, there was an inverse relation between left ventricular ejection fraction and functional class. This finding provides information about the limitations imposed by the disease on patient's exercise capacity and heart function and can contribute to the development of a physical training program.

The Brazilian Registry of Adult Patient Undergoing Cardiovascular Surgery, the BYPASS Project: Results of the First 1,722 Patients.

Objective: To report the early results of the BYPASS project - the Brazilian registrY of adult Patient undergoing cArdiovaScular Surgery - a national, observational, prospective, and longitudinal follow-up registry, aiming to chart a profile of patients undergoing cardiovascular surgery in Brazil, assessing the data harvested from the initial 1,722 patients. Methods: Data collection involved institutions throughout the whole country, comprising 17 centers in 4 regions: Southeast (8), Northeast (5), South (3), and Center-West (1). The study population consists of patients over 18 years of age, and the types of operations recorded were: coronary artery bypass graft (CABG), mitral valve, aortic valve (either conventional or transcatheter), surgical correction of atrial fibrillation, cardiac transplantation, mechanical circulatory support and congenital heart diseases in adults. Results: 83.1% of patients came from the public health system (SUS), 9.6% from the supplemental (private insurance) healthcare systems; and 7.3% from private (out-of -pocket) clinic. Male patients comprised 66%, 30% were diabetics, 46% had dyslipidemia, 28% previously sustained a myocardial infarction, and 9.4% underwent prior cardiovascular surgery. Patients underwent coronary artery bypass surgery were 54.1% and 31.5% to valve surgery, either isolated or combined. The overall postoperative mortality up to the 7th postoperative day was 4%; for CABG was 2.6%, and for valve operations, 4.4%. Conclusion: This first report outlines the consecution of the Brazilian surgical cardiac database, intended to serve primarily as a tool for providing information for clinical improvement and patient safety and constitute a basis for production of research protocols.

The brazilian registry of adult patient undergoing cardiovascular surgery, the bypass project: results of the first 1,722 patients

Abstract Objective: To report the early results of the BYPASS project - the Brazilian registrY of adult Patient undergoing cArdiovaScular Surgery - a national, observational, prospective, and longitudinal follow-up registry, aiming to chart a profile of patients undergoing cardiovascular surgery in Brazil, assessing the data harvested from the initial 1,722 patients. Methods: Data collection involved institutions throughout the whole country, comprising 17 centers in 4 regions: Southeast (8), Northeast (5), South (3), and Center-West (1). The study population consists of patients over 18 years of age, and the types of operations recorded were: coronary artery bypass graft (CABG), mitral valve, aortic valve (either conventional or transcatheter), surgical correction of atrial fibrillation, cardiac transplantation, mechanical circulatory support and congenital heart diseases in adults. Results: 83.1% of patients came from the public health system (SUS), 9.6% from the supplemental (private insurance) healthcare systems; and 7.3% from private (out-of -pocket) clinic. Male patients comprised 66%, 30% were diabetics, 46% had dyslipidemia, 28% previously sustained a myocardial infarction, and 9.4% underwent prior cardiovascular surgery. Patients underwent coronary artery bypass surgery were 54.1% and 31.5% to valve surgery, either isolated or combined. The overall postoperative mortality up to the 7th postoperative day was 4%; for CABG was 2.6%, and for valve operations, 4.4%. Conclusion: This first report outlines the consecution of the Brazilian surgical cardiac database, intended to serve primarily as a tool for providing information for clinical improvement and patient safety and constitute a basis for production of research protocols.

Effect of cardiac rehabilitation program on the Framingham risk score and C-reactive protein after CABG / Efeito de um programa de reabilitação cardíaca sobre o escore de Framingham e proteína C-reativa pós-revascularização do miocárdio

Introduction: Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) does not have an effect on the etiopathogenic factors of atherosclerosis, thus, it is crucial to control risk factors. Objective: To analyze the effect of a cardiac rehabilitation (CR) program on cardiovascular risk factors, the Framingham risk score (FRS) and levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) of patients undergoing CABG. Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional and retrospective study was conducted with a sample of 49 patients, who were participating in a program (24 weeks). Body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), FRS, risk (%) of developing coronary artery disease in 10 years (CAD risk), serum levels of LDL-c, triglycerides (TG) and CRP were assessed. Results: The variables BMI, WC, LDL-c, TG, CRP levels, FRS and CAD risk showed significant reductions (p<0,001). Conclusion: The program was effective in reducing cardiovascular risk factors, FRS, as well as the decrease in CRP levels.

Introdução: A cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio (CRM) não atua nos fatores etiopatogênicos da aterosclerose, dessa forma o controle destes fatores torna-se crucial. Objetivo: Analisar o efeito de um programa de reabilitação cardíaca (RC) sobre fatores de risco cardiovasculares, Escore de Framingham (EF) e níveis de proteína C reativa (PCR) de pacientes submetidos à CRM. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo transversal e retrospectivo com uma amostra 49 pacientes participantes de um programa de RC (24 semanas). Índice de massa corporal (IMC), circunferência da cintura (CC), EF, risco de desenvolvimento de doença arterial coronariana em 10 anos (risco DAC), níveis séricos de LDL-c, triglicerídeos (TG) e PCR foram avaliados. Resultados: As variáveis IMC, CC, LDL-c, TG, PCR, Pontuação no EF e o risco DAC apresentaram reduções significativas (p<0,001). Conclusão: O programa foi eficaz na redução de fatores de risco cardiovascular, no EF, bem como na diminuição dos níveis de PCR.

Comparison of two technics of cardiopulmonary bypass (conventional and mini CPB) in the trans-and postoperative periods of cardiac surgery / Comparação de duas técnicas de circulação extracorpórea (convencional e mini CEC), nos períodos trans e pós-operatório de cirurgia cardíaca

AbstractObjective:This study aimed to compare the effects of two different perfusion techniques: conventional cardiopulmonary bypass and miniature cardiopulmonary bypass in patients undergoing cardiac surgery at the University Hospital of Santa Maria - RS.Methods:We perform a retrospective, cross-sectional study, based on data collected from the patients operated between 2010 and 2013. We analyzed the records of 242 patients divided into two groups: Group I: 149 patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass and Group II - 93 patients undergoing the miniature cardiopulmonary bypass.Results:The clinical profile of patients in the preoperative period was similar in the cardiopulmonary bypass and miniature cardiopulmonary bypass groups without significant differences, except in age, which was greater in the miniature cardiopulmonary bypass group. The perioperative data were significant of blood collected for autotransfusion, which were higher in the group with miniature cardiopulmonary bypass than the cardiopulmonary bypass and in transfusion of packed red blood cells, which was higher in cardiopulmonary bypass than in miniature cardiopulmonary bypass. In the immediate, first and second postoperative period the values of hematocrit and hemoglobin were higher and significant in miniature cardiopulmonary bypass than in the cardiopulmonary bypass, although the bleeding in the first and second postoperative days was higher and significant in miniature cardiopulmonary bypass than in the cardiopulmonary bypass.Conclusion:The present results suggest that the miniature cardiopulmonary bypass was beneficial in reducing the red blood cell transfusion during surgery and showed slight but significant increase in hematocrit and hemoglobin in the postoperative period.

ResumoObjetivo:Este estudo teve como objetivo comparar os efeitos de duas técnicas de perfusão diferentes: convencional (CEC) e mini (MCEC) em pacientes submetidos à cirurgia cardíaca no Hospital Universitário de Santa Maria - RS.Métodos:Foi realizado um estudo retrospectivo, transversal, baseado em dados coletados dos pacientes operados entre 2010 e 2013. Foram analisados ​​os registros de 242 pacientes divididos em dois grupos: Grupo I - 149 pacientes submetidos à circulação extracorpórea e Grupo II - 93 pacientes submetidos à minicirculação extracorpórea.Resultados:O perfil clínico dos pacientes no pré-operatório foi semelhante nos grupos circulação extracorpórea e minicirculação extracorpórea sem diferenças significativas, exceto na idade, maior no grupo minicirculação extracorpórea. Os dados perioperatórios foram significativos de sangue coletadas para autotransfusão, que foram maiores no grupo com minicirculação extracorpórea do que a circulação extracorpórea e na transfusão de concentrado de hemácias, superior em circulação extracorpórea do que em minicirculação extracorpórea. Nos valores pós-operatório imediato, primeiro e segundo, os níveis de hematócrito e da hemoglobina foram maiores e significativos na minicirculação extracorpórea que no circulação extracorpórea, embora o sangramento no primeiro e segundo dias pós-operatórios tenha sido maior e significativo no minicirculação extracorpórea que no circulação extracorpórea.Conclusão:Os resultados sugerem que a minicirculação extracorpórea foi benéfica em reduzir a transfusão de células vermelhas do sangue durante a cirurgia e houve discreta, mas significativa, elevação do hematócrito e hemoglobina no pós-operatório.

Short-term inspiratory muscle training potentiates the benefits of aerobic and resistance training in patients undergoing CABG in phase II cardiac rehabilitation program / Treinamento muscular inspiratório de curto prazo potencializa os benefícios do treinamento aeróbico e resistido em pacientes após CRM na fase II de programa de reabilitação cardíaca

AbstractObjective:To investigate the efficiency of short-term inspiratory muscle training program associated with combined aerobic and resistance exercise on respiratory muscle strength, functional capacity and quality of life in patients who underwent coronary artery bypass and are in the phase II cardiac rehabilitation program.Methods:A prospective, quasi-experimental study with 24 patients who underwent coronary artery bypass and were randomly assigned to two groups in the Phase II cardiac rehabilitation program: inspiratory muscle training program associated with combined training (aerobic and resistance) group (GCR + IMT, n=12) and combined training with respiratory exercises group (GCR, n=12), over a period of 12 weeks, with two sessions per week. Before and after intervention, the following measurements were obtained: maximal inspiratory and expiratory pressures (PImax and PEmax), peak oxygen consumption (peak VO2) and quality of life scores. Data were compared between pre- and post-intervention at baseline and the variation between the pre- and post-phase II cardiac rehabilitation program using the Student's t-test, except the categorical variables, which were compared using the Chi-square test. Values of P<0.05 were considered statistically significant.Results:Compared to GCR, the GCR + IMT group showed larger increments in PImax (P<0.001), PEmax (P<0.001), peak VO2 (P<0.001) and quality of life scores (P<0.001).Conclusion:The present study demonstrated that the addition of inspiratory muscle training, even when applied for a short period, may potentiate the effects of combined aerobic and resistance training, becoming a simple and inexpensive strategy for patients who underwent coronary artery bypass and are in phase II cardiac rehabilitation.

ResumoObjetivo:Avaliar os efeitos de um programa de treinamento muscular inspiratório em curto prazo associado ao exercício aeróbio e resistido na força muscular respiratória, capacidade funcional e qualidade de vida de pacientes submetidos à cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio, na Fase II da Reabilitação Cardíaca.Métodos:Trata-se de um estudo quase-experimental, prospectivo, com amostra de 24 pacientes submetidos à cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio alocados aleatoriamente para Fase II da Reabilitação Cardíaca em dois grupos: grupo de treinamento muscular inspiratório associado ao treinamento combinado (aeróbio e resistido) (GRC + TMI, n=12) e grupo treinamento combinado e exercícios respiratórios (GRC, n=12) durante um período de 12 semanas, com 2 sessões semanais. Antes e após a intervenção, as seguintes mensurações foram obtidas: pressão inspiratória e expiratória máxima (PImáx e PEmáx), consumo de oxigênio de pico (VO2pico) e escore de qualidade de vida. Os dados foram comparados entre o momento pré e pós-intervenção na linha de base e a variação entre o pré e pós-programa de reabilitação cardíaca com uso do teste t de Student, exceto as variáveis categóricas, que foram comparadas pelo teste de qui-quadrado. Foi considerado um P<0,05.Resultados:Comparado ao GRC, o GRC + TMI apresentou maior incremento tanto na PImáx (P<0,001) quanto na PEmáx (P<0,001), no VO2pico (P<0,001) e na qualidade de vida (P<0,001).Conclusão:Demonstrou-se que a adição do programa de treinamento muscular inspiratório, mesmo quando aplicada por um curto período, pode complementar os efeitos do exercício aeróbio combinado ao resistido, tornando-se uma estratégia benéfica para pacientes submetidos à cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio na Fase II da reabilitação cardíaca.

Comparison of two technics of cardiopulmonary bypass (conventional and mini CPB) in the trans-and postoperative periods of cardiac surgery.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to compare the effects of two different perfusion techniques: conventional cardiopulmonary bypass and miniature cardiopulmonary bypass in patients undergoing cardiac surgery at the University Hospital of Santa Maria--RS. METHODS: We perform a retrospective, cross-sectional study, based on data collected from the patients operated between 2010 and 2013. We analyzed the records of 242 patients divided into two groups: Group I: 149 patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass and Group II - 93 patients undergoing the miniature cardiopulmonary bypass. RESULTS: The clinical profile of patients in the preoperative period was similar in the cardiopulmonary bypass and miniature cardiopulmonary bypass groups without significant differences, except in age, which was greater in the miniature cardiopulmonary bypass group. The perioperative data were significant of blood collected for autotransfusion, which were higher in the group with miniature cardiopulmonary bypass than the cardiopulmonary bypass and in transfusion of packed red blood cells, which was higher in cardiopulmonary bypass than in miniature cardiopulmonary bypass. In the immediate, first and second postoperative period the values of hematocrit and hemoglobin were higher and significant in miniature cardiopulmonary bypass than in the cardiopulmonary bypass, although the bleeding in the first and second postoperative days was higher and significant in miniature cardiopulmonary bypass than in the cardiopulmonary bypass. CONCLUSION: The present results suggest that the miniature cardiopulmonary bypass was beneficial in reducing the red blood cell transfusion during surgery and showed slight but significant increase in hematocrit and hemoglobin in the postoperative period.

Short-term inspiratory muscle training potentiates the benefits of aerobic and resistance training in patients undergoing CABG in phase II cardiac rehabilitation program.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the efficiency of short-term inspiratory muscle training program associated with combined aerobic and resistance exercise on respiratory muscle strength, functional capacity and quality of life in patients who underwent coronary artery bypass and are in the phase II cardiac rehabilitation program. METHODS: A prospective, quasi-experimental study with 24 patients who underwent coronary artery bypass and were randomly assigned to two groups in the Phase II cardiac rehabilitation program: inspiratory muscle training program associated with combined training (aerobic and resistance) group (GCR + IMT, n=12) and combined training with respiratory exercises group (GCR, n=12), over a period of 12 weeks, with two sessions per week. Before and after intervention, the following measurements were obtained: maximal inspiratory and expiratory pressures (PImax and PEmax), peak oxygen consumption (peak VO2) and quality of life scores. Data were compared between pre- and post-intervention at baseline and the variation between the pre- and post-phase II cardiac rehabilitation program using the Student's t-test, except the categorical variables, which were compared using the Chi-square test. Values of P<0.05 were considered statistically significant. RESULTS: Compared to GCR, the GCR + IMT group showed larger increments in PImax (P<0.001), PEmax (P<0.001), peak VO2 (P<0.001) and quality of life scores (P<0.001). CONCLUSION: The present study demonstrated that the addition of inspiratory muscle training, even when applied for a short period, may potentiate the effects of combined aerobic and resistance training, becoming a simple and inexpensive strategy for patients who underwent coronary artery bypass and are in phase II cardiac rehabilitation.

A cardioplegia oxigenada na proteçäo miocárdica durante a cirurgia cardíaca: estudo clínico e enzimático / Oxygenated cardioplegia in myocardial protection during cardiac surgery: a clinical and enzymatic study

A cardioplegia tem sido reconhecida como um fator muito importante na proteçäo do miocárdio. Sabe-se que, mesmo a 15-C, o coraçäo consome oxigênio. Testes in vitro demonstraron que a cardioplegia cristalóide libera mais oxigênio que a sangüínea. Neste trabalho, foram analisadas as variaçöes hemodinâmicas, eletrocardiográficas e enzimáticas em 26 pacientes divididos em 2 grupos, nos quais a cardioplegia cristalóide de Gomes foi empregada. A avaliaçäo dos pacientes incluiu a recuperaçäo hemodinâmica após a parada cardíaca, o uso de drogas vasoativas, o ritmo e o aspecto do eletrocardiograma (ECG), a freqüência cardíaca (FC), a pressäo arterial média (PAM), a pressäo venosa central (PVC) e as enzimas TGO e CPK-MB. Estes parâmetros foram medidos nos seguintes tempos: antes, logo após a cirurgia e após 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 horas de pós-operatório. Os resultados demonstraram que a recuperaçäo hemodinâmica foi similar em ambos os grupos. O uso de drogas vasoativas foi maior no Grupo II. No ECG, observou-se mais bradicardia e fibrilaçäo ventricular no Grupo II do que no Grupo I. A frqüência cardíaca, a pressäo arterial média e a pressäo venosa central näo mostraram diferenca significativa em ambos os grupos. As enzimas TGD e CPK-MB mostraram elevaçäo mais acentuada no Grupo I do que no II e essa diferença foi significativa (P < 0,01). Em conclusäo, os dados sugerem que houve comportamento semelhante em ambas as soluçöes, quanto à recuperaçäo hemodinâmica e a parâmetros vitais. Observou-se uma incidência maior de bradicardia no Grupo II, provavelmente relacionada à maior duraçäo da parada cardíaca, com maior número de infusöes de soluçäo cardioplégica. A variaçäo das enzimas sugere que a soluçäo com maior número de infusöes de soluçäo cardioplégica. A variaçäo das enzimas sugere que a soluçäo oxigenada foi mais efetiva do que a näo oxigenada, para a preservaçäo do miocárdio

Pancardite com pericardite constritiva pós cirúrgia cardíaca: relato de caso / Pancarditis with constrictive pericarditis after cardiac surgery: a case report

É relatado caso de pancardite com pericardite constritiva, ocorrido no pós-operatório de cirurgía cardíaca. O paciente, submetido à correçäo de estenose pulmonar infundibular, apresentou, no pós-operatório imediato, sinais de insuficiência cardíaca direita, atribuída à ventriculotomia. No pós-operatório tardio, como persiste com o mesmo quadro, foi reavaliado clinicamente e por meio de ECG, RX e ecocardiograma, sendo diagnosticada pericardite constritiva. O paciente foi submetido a pericardiectomia total e evoluiu com quadro de sindrome de baixo débito. Foi feito novo estudo hemodinâmico que evidenciou elevaçäo da pressäo diastólica final e severa hipocinesia dos ventrículos. Com este quadro conclui-se pela presença de um processo de pancardite, com comprometimento também do miocárdio, de etiologia provavelmente auto-imune. Foi, entäo instituído tratamento com corticosteróides e o paciente apresentou melhoria rápida e evoluiu bem desde entäo. Trata-se de uma rara complicaçäo que deve ser lembrada porque em uma fase precose pode apresentar boa resposta aos corticóides e evitar a cirurgia de ressecçäo do pericárdio

Marcapasso endocárdico: revisäo de 70 casos operados / Endocardial pacemaker: review of 70 operated cases

A reduçäo da mortalidade e morbidade pós-operatória pela técnica endocavitária motivou o seu emprego rotineiro em substituiçäo nos implantes epidemiocárdicos. Foram revisados 70 pacientes submetidos ao implante de marcapasso endocavitário, que apresentavam distúrbios da conduçäo cardíaca. Obteve-se mortalidade de 0% no trans-operatório tardio. As complicaçöes atingiram um total de 8,5%. Os autores analisaram aspectos referentes à sintomatologia, diagnóstico etiológico da conduçäo, as complicaçöes e mortalidade imediata e tardía, procedência dos pacientes e curva atuarial de 7 anos

Marca-passo cardíaco epicárdico: revisäo de 57 casos operados / Epicardial pacemaker: review of 57 operated cases

Os autores estudaram 57 pacientes submetidos a implante de marcapasso epimiocárdico. Foram analisados os aspectos referentes à sintomas, sexo, procedência, idade, tipo de distúrbios, etiologia, via de acesso, modelo e tipo de gerador, complicaçöes imediatas e tardias e mortalidade imediata e tardia. Observou-se uma incidência de 22,73% de pacientes chagásicos, destacando a importância da patologia. Verificamos que os resultados obtidos no presente trabalho säo comparáveis à literatura revisada

Infarto agudo do miocárdio: estudo de 45 casos através de protocolo por computador / Acute myocardial infarction: study of 45 cases by computerized protocols

Analisaram-se 45 pacientes com infarto do miocárdio, em estudo prospectivo, com protocolo por computador onde constavam dados clínicos, laboratoriais e eletrocardiográficos referentes a nota de internaçäo. A idade média dos pacientes foi 58,1 + ou - 10,9 anos sendo 24,4% deles com menos de 50 anos. Predominou o sexo masculino (73,3% dos casos). A queixa principal foi a dor retroesternal, constritiva, irradiada para o braço esquerdo. O intervalo entre o início da dor e a internaçäo foi inferior a 6 horas, em 71,7% dos casos. Os sintomas associados mais freqüentes foram o mal estar com sensaçäo de morte iminente, sudorese e náuseas; 68,9% dos pacientes apresentaram angina prévia ao infarto, sendo angina instável em 35,8%. O fator de risco mais importante foi o tabagismo (71,1% dos casos). Ao exame físico, observaram-se estertores crepitantes em 46,7% dos casos, e hipoperfusäo capilar em 22,2%; 55,5% dos pacientes situaram-se no grupo I e 17,8% no grupo IV de Forester. Ao ECG, houve infarto de parede anterior em 54% dos casos. Extra-sístoles ventriculares ocorreram em 31,1%. A avaliaçäo enzimática mostrou elevaçäo moderada em 44,4% e acentuada em 22,2%. Os níveis de colesterol e triglicérides elevaram-se em 44,7% e 38,2% dos casos, respectivamente. A mortalidade foi de 13,3%, relacionada principalmente ao choque cardiogênico (50%), seguindo-se a fibrilaçäo ventricular e a rotura cardíaca. Foram fatores de destaque a precocidade da internaçäo, a elevada incidência de antecedentes isquêmicos, a importância do tabagismo entre os fatores de risco e a relaçäo entre mortalidade e o grupo IV de Forrester

Shunt pulmonar: correlaçäo clínico laboratoriais / Pulmonary-shunt: clinico - pathological correlation

Os autores estudaram 29 pacientes internados na UTI do Hospital Universitário de Santa Maria, RS e relacionam o shunt-pulmonar com a idade, quadro clínico, gradiente alvéolo arterial, pressäo arterial de oxigênio, doença básica quadro radiológico e a mortalidade. As patologias intra-pulmonares, bem como as doenças cardiovasculares, produziram aumento de shunt pulmonar, sendo que, as doenças pulmonares apresentaram maior aumento do shunt (p < 0,05). A idade, o quadro clínico e mortalidade näo apresentaram relaçäo significativa com o shunt pulmonar (p < 0,05); a hipoxemia acompanhou-se de aumento significativo do shunt pulmonar (p < 0,01). Concluem que a medida do shunt intra-pulmonar poder ser útil na avaliaçäo da homeostase cardiopulmonar quando há parâmetros prévios sobre o sistema respiratório e o cardiovascular, devendo-se valorizar esta avaliaçäo quando ocorre uma variaçäo significativa entre uma medida e outra

Tempo de coagulaçäo ativado em cirurgia cardíaca com circulaçäo extracorpórea / Coagulation time in heart surgery with extracorporeal circulation

Muitos trabalhos tem sido publicados sobre o controle do sangramento durante a circulaçäo extracorpórea em pacientes submetidos a cirurgia cardíaca. O uso de protocolos rígidos de anticoagulaçäo apresentam inconvenientes, pois näo levam em consideraçäo a sensibilidade individual dos pacientes à heparina. A técnica para determinar o Tempo de Coagulaçäo Ativado pelo celite foi descrita em 1966 e introduzida posteriormente em cirurgia cardíaca em 1975, determinando um grande progresso no controle da anticoagulaçäo em circulaçäo extracorpórea que pode ser evidenciado pela diminuiçäo das complicaçöes hemorrágicas no trans e pós-operatório. O objetivo de nosso trabalho foi o de avaliar a rotina de heparinizaçäo empregada nos pacientes submetidos à cirurgia cardíaca com circulaçäo extracorpórea no HUSM. Observamos que, apesar do TCA manter-se em níveis adequados durante a perfusäo, houve grande variaçäo em seus valores, demonstrando diferente sensibilidade dos pacientes à heparina